What Is Periodontal Disease?
Perio means around, and dontal refers to teeth. Periodontal diseases are infections of the structures around the teeth.
Swollen and bleeding gums (gingivitis) are early signs that your gums are infected with bacteria. If nothing is done, the infection can spread. It can destroy the structures that support your teeth in your jaws. Eventually, your teeth can become so loose that they have to be extracted.
For many years scientists have been trying to figure out what causes periodontal disease. It is now well accepted that various types of bacteria in dental plaque are responsible.
In recent years, gum disease has been linked to other health problems like:
- Atherosclerosis and heart disease: Gum disease may increase the risk of clogged arteries and heart disease. The extent of this connection is unclear. Gum disease is also believed to worsen any existing heart disease.
- Stroke: Gum disease may increase the risk of the type of stroke that is caused by blocked arteries.
- Premature births: A woman who has gum disease during pregnancy may be more likely to deliver her baby too early. The infant may be more likely to be of low birth-weight. One study showed that up to 18% of premature, low birth-weight babies might be linked to the mother's gum disease.
- Diabetes: Diabetic patients with periodontal disease may have more trouble controlling their blood sugar than diabetic patients with healthy gums.
- Respiratory disease: Gum disease may cause lung infections and worsen existing ones.
What Causes Periodontal Disease?
Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria in dental plaque. Plaque is the sticky substance that forms on your teeth soon after you have brushed. In an effort to get rid of the bacteria, the cells of your immune system release substances that inflame and damage the gums, periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone. This leads to swollen and bleeding gums, called “gingivitis” (the earliest stage of periodontal disease). The damage from periodontal disease causes teeth to become loose. This is a sign of severe periodontatis (the advanced stage of disease).
How could I prevent periodontal disease?
You can prevent periodontal disease by having good oral hygiene and visiting your dentist regularly. Most people should see the dentist about once every six months. But if you already have gum disease you should visit more often.
Daily brushing and flossing, when done correctly, helps to remove most of the plaque from your teeth. Professional cleaning by your dentist or dental hygienist will keep plaque under control in places that are harder for a toothbrush or floss to reach.